Does Vitamin D Cause Gas In Babies

Does Vitamin D Cause Gas In Babies

Vitamin D is needed to support healthy bone development and to prevent rickets, a condition that causes weak or deformed bones. Vitamin D deficiency rickets among breastfed infants is rare, but it can occur if an infant does not receive additional vitamin D from foods, a vitamin D supplement, or adequate exposure to sunlight.

Do infants get enough vitamin D from breast milk?

Breast milk alone does not provide infants with an adequate amount of vitamin D. Shortly after birth, most infants will need an additional source of vitamin D.

To avoid developing a vitamin D deficiency, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and American Academy of Pediatrics recommend breastfed and partially breastfed infants be supplemented with 400 IU per day of vitamin D beginning in the first few days of life. Families who do not wish to provide a supplement directly to their infant should discuss with a healthcare provider the risks and benefits of maternal high dose supplementation options.

Once a child has started eating solid foods, parents can make sure their child is getting enough vitamin D from foods or supplements.

Why are infants at risk for vitamin D deficiency?

The risk for vitamin D deficiency is increased when there is limited exposure to sunlight or when an infant is not consuming an adequate amount of vitamin D. Although reducing sun exposure is important for preventing cancer, it also decreases the amount of vitamin D that a person can make from sunlight.

Other factors that decrease the amount of vitamin D a person can make from sunlight include:

• Living at high latitudes (closer to the polar regions), particularly during winter months.
• High levels of air pollution.
• Dense cloud covering.
• The degree to which clothing covers the skin.
• Use of sunscreen.
• Darker skin types.

Does Vitamin D Cause Gas In Babies

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/diet-and-micronutrients/vitamin-d.html/

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Vitamin D Overdose Tinnitus

Vitamin D Overdose Tinnitus

10 Healthy Foods That Are Rich in Vitamin D

Photo Courtesy: Michael Godek/Getty Images

Are you getting enough sun? In many parts of the world, that might prove difficult during the winter months — and it can impact more than your sunny disposition.When exposed to sunshine, our bodies produce vitamin D, something our bodies need to maintain healthy bones and teeth; support our immune and cardiovascular systems; and stave off certain diseases, like type 1 diabetes. Some reports suggest that roughly three-quarters of American teens and adults might not be getting enough vitamin D. So, how can you turn that number around?

How Much Vitamin D Do We Need and Where Can We Find It?

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) makes recommendations for what one's daily intake of vitamin D should be based on age, gender and other factors. The recommendations, in micrograms (mcg), can be summarized as follows:

Photo Courtesy: Sean Gladwell/Getty Images

• Infants (up to 12 months): 10 mcg daily
• Children (1 to 13 years): 15 mcg daily
• Teens (14 to 18 years): 15 mcg daily
• Adults (19 to 50 years): 15 mcg daily
• Older adults (51 to 70 years): 15 mcg daily
• Seniors (70+ years): 20 mcg daily

So, how can you supplement your vitamin D intake if all that basking in the sun isn't cutting it? Thanks to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, we've rounded up 10 healthy foods that can help you reach those daily vitamin D goals.

Salmon

Salmon comes in quite a few different varieties — canned sockeye salmon, smoked chinook salmon, canned pink salmon, cooked sockeye salmon, cooked pink salmon and even cooked wild coho salmon — and all of them are chock-full of vitamin D. All of these options will help you hit your goals. After all, a three-ounce serving of canned sockeye salmon contains 17.9 mcg of vitamin D, while a three-ounce portion of cooked sockeye salmon contains 11.1 mcg of vitamin D.

Photo Courtesy: Justin Ong/Getty Images

Smoked Whitefish

Want to change up that salmon intake? Whitefish can help with that. While whitefish are a species of fish, the term also refers to a cluster of types of fish, all of which have a mild, slightly sweet flavor. Some of the most popular "whitefish" include pollock, bass, cod, halibut, grouper and haddock. On average, a standard three-ounce serving of smoked whitefish contains an impressive 10.8 mcg of vitamin D.

Photo Courtesy: Bohemian Nomad Picturemakers/Getty Images

Swordfish

If you're looking for a terrific source of vitamin D, and to break up all that whitefish and salmon, try swordfish. These creatures can grow to be a whopping 1,400 pounds — and nearly 15-feet in length. While you wouldn't want to tangle with one of these in the ocean, encountering it as a nice, grilled steak is a treat. Best of all, a three-ounce portion will provide you with 14.1 mcg of vitamin D.

Photo Courtesy: Shawn Miller/Getty Images

Tilapia

Tilapia is a cluster of fish species that aren't found in nature. That is, tilapia is a farmed fish, which makes it pretty inexpensive. This mild species is the fourth most common type of seafood eaten by Americans, in part because of its versatility. We recommend a nice herb-and-parmesan crust, but, any way you slice it (or season it), a three-ounce portion will provide you with 3.1 mcg of vitamin D.

Photo Courtesy: Mike Kemp/Getty Images

Canned Tuna

Not into canned food? Well, canned fish should probably be your exception. In fact, canned tuna, in addition to being readily available and inexpensive, can make an abundance of tasty meals, from tuna salad and melts to casseroles. Best of all, a three-ounce serving of light tuna canned in oil contains about 5.7 mcg of vitamin D.

Photo Courtesy: LauriPatterson/Getty Images

Mushrooms

The five fish options we've listed above might not have surprised you, but this one might. Many varieties of mushrooms — including portabella, cremini, morels, chanterelles, maitake, and even your basic white button mushrooms — are excellent sources of vitamin D. In fact, half a cup of grilled portabella mushrooms delivers an impressive 7.9 mcg of vitamin D.

Photo Courtesy: Robert Lowdon/Getty Images

Eggs

Eggs — and, in particular, egg yolks — are one of the easiest, cheapest and quickest ways to nab some vitamin D. However, they may not be the food of choice for folks with high cholesterol. If your diet allows, whip up two scrambled eggs and enjoy getting 5% of your recommended daily intake of vitamin D first thing in the morning.

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Milk

Milk is more than just a great source of calcium. In fact, vitamin D is among its significant nutritional benefits. When it comes to a 16-ounce serving of cow's milk, the vitamin D content varies based on the milk's composition. For example, whole milk contains 6.3 mcg of vitamin D, while 2%, 1% and skim milk all contain 5.9 mcg. Even soy and dehydrated (powdered) milk will help you reach your goals by providing 5.8 mcg and 3.4 mcg of vitamin D respectively.

Photo Courtesy: JW LTD/Getty Images

Yogurt

Milk is not the only dairy product capable of delivering some serious vitamin D benefits. Of course, the nutritional value of yogurt changes depending upon the variety. For example, Greek-style yogurt contains more protein and less sugar than other types of yogurt. Nonetheless, you can still expect anywhere from 2 to 3 mcg of vitamin D per eight-ounce serving, regardless of the variety of yogurt.

Photo Courtesy: Westend61/Getty Images

Pork

So far, you've seen lots of fish and dairy options. You might be wondering, Where's the meat? Well, generally speaking, beef and chicken are not great sources of vitamin D. In fact, if you're a meat lover in search of some vitamin D, pork is your best bet. The nutritional value of pork varies depending upon the cut, method of preparation and more, but you're likely to find between 0.2 to 2.2 mcg of vitamin D in a standard three-ounce serving of pork.

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Resource Links:

• The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Agriculture's Dietary Guidelines for Americans
• The National Institutes of Health (NIH)

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Vitamin D Overdose Tinnitus

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Light Box Therapy For Vitamin D Deficiency

Light Box Therapy For Vitamin D Deficiency

Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 Mar 27.

Published in final edited form as:

PMCID: PMC2846322

NIHMSID: NIHMS187186

Treatment of vitamin D deficiency with UV light in patients with malabsorption syndromes: a case series

Prakash Chandra

¹Graduate Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

Linda L. Wolfenden

¹Graduate Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

²Emory Cystic Fibrosis Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

Thomas R. Ziegler

¹Graduate Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

Junqiang Tian

¹Graduate Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

Menghua Luo

¹Graduate Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

Arlene A. Stecenko

²Emory Cystic Fibrosis Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

Tai C. Chen

³Vitamin D, Skin & Bone Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Michael F. Holick

³Vitamin D, Skin & Bone Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Vin Tangpricha

¹Graduate Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

See other articles in PMC that cite the published article.

Abstract

Background

Cystic fibrosis (CF) and short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients are unable to absorb vitamin D from the diet and thus are frequently found to be severely vitamin D deficient. We evaluated whether a commercial portable ultraviolet (UV) indoor tanning lamp that has a spectral output that mimics natural sunlight could raise circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in subjects with CF and SBS.

Methods

In initial pilot studies, two SBS subjects came to the outpatient clinic twice weekly for 8 weeks for UV light sessions of 6 min each. In a follow-up study, five CF subjects exposed their lower backs in a seated position to the sunlamp at a distance of 14 cm for 5–10 min depending on the skin type five times a week for 8 weeks. Blood samples for 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurements were performed at baseline and at the end of the study.

Results

In our study, with two SBS subjects, the indoor lamp increased or maintained circulating 25(OH)D levels during the winter months. We increased the UV lamp frequency and found an improved response in the CF patients. Serum 25(OH)D levels in CF subjects at baseline were 21 ± 3 ng/ml, which increased to 27 ± 4 ng/ml at the end of 8 weeks (P = 0.05). PTH concentration remained largely unchanged in both population groups.

Conclusion

A UV lamp that emits ultraviolet radiation similar to sunlight and thus produces vitamin D₃ in the skin is an excellent alternative for CF, and SBS patients who suffer from vitamin D deficiency due to fat malabsorption, especially during the winter months when natural sunlight is unable to produce vitamin D₃ in the skin. This UV lamp is widely available for commercial home use and could potentially be prescribed to patients with CF or SBS.

Keywords: cystic fibrosis, short bowel syndrome, tanning, ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D

Vitamin D is an important nutrient for intestinal calcium absorption for optimal skeletal health. Vitamin D can either be ingested from the diet (vitamin D₂ or D₃) or produced in the skin (D₃). Vitamin D (vitamin D₂ or D₃) absorption from the diet occurs primarily in the duodenum and jejunum (1, 2). Vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol) is the form of vitamin D that can be produced endogenously in the skin following ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation (3). After production in the skin, vitamin D₃ is converted to the major circulating form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25(OH)D₃). Circulating 25(OH)D₃ is then converted to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ by the kidney 1-α-hydroxylase to act as a steroid hormone to increase the efficiency of calcium absorption primarily in the duodenum to maintain proper serum calcium levels for skeletal health and other cellular signaling processes (3).

Treatment of vitamin D deficiency in most healthy individuals is accomplished by giving vitamin D₂ (ergocalciferol) 50 000 IU once or twice a week for several weeks (4). However, patients with malabsorption as in short-bowel syndrome (SBS) and cystic fibrosis (CF) are not able to absorb vitamin D efficiently and thus have a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, leading to osteomalacia and osteoporosis. SBS patients have been given high-dose oral vitamin D supplementation without an improvement in vitamin D status due to poor intestinal absorption of vitamin D (1, 5, 6). CF patients have inefficient vitamin D absorption due to pancreatic exocrine insufficiency resulting in malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamin D. CF subjects absorb approximately 50% less vitamin D compared with what normal subjects absorb, depending on the degree of exocrine insufficiency (7). Current guidelines in CF patients to treat vitamin D deficiency with weekly high-dose ergocalciferol (vitamin D₂) have been ineffective (8–10). Despite 50 000 IU of ergocalciferol once a week for a total of 16 weeks in vitamin D-deficient CF patients, all of the patients remained vitamin D deficient (10).

Because patients with fat malabsorption syndromes cannot efficiently absorb vitamin D from the diet, an alternative method to raise vitamin D status, especially during the winter months where vitamin D cannot be made (11), would be by exposing the skin to UVB produced by a device to produce vitamin D₃ cutaneously (1, 12). Indoor tanning machines emit the same spectrum UVB radiation as sunlight (13). Studies evaluating indoor tanning beds have demonstrated that 25(OH)D levels can be raised after exposure to lamps that emit UVB (14). Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that subjects who use an indoor tanning bed at least once a week have higher 25(OH)D levels than control subjects, which correlates with a higher bone mineral density (BMD) (13). Koutkia et al (1) successfully treated vitamin D deficiency, and associated musculoskeletal pains in a subject with SBS with the use of an indoor tanning bed.

In the current study, we sought to evaluate whether a commercially available portable desktop tanning machine could improve vitamin D status in patients with SBS and CF, disorders characterized by chronic malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Methods

Evaluation of a portable tanning machine to make vitamin D

To determine whether we could use a tanning device to improve vitamin D status in patients with malabsorption, we initially tested a commercially available desktop tanning machine to determine whether the UVB radiation emitted from the machine could convert 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) (pro-vitamin D₃), the compound naturally present in skin, to pre-vitamin D₃. We obtained the Sperti Del Sol portable tanning machine from KBD Inc. (Crescent Springs, KY, USA). The UVB output of this machine overlaps with the region of UVB necessary for vitamin D production in the skin (290–315 nm) (Fig. 1).

Ultraviolet spectrum output of the Sperti Del Sol sunlamp used in the study.

We exposed ampules containing a known quantity of 7-DHC to the machine at several distances and times to determine the quantity of pre-vitamin D conversion from 7-DHC. We determined the resultant amount of vitamin D₃ by standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, as described by Holick et al. (15).

We determined that the portable tanning machine could effectively convert 7-DHC to pre-vitamin D₃ (Fig. 2). At several distances and times, from 0.5% to 5.0% of pre-vitamin D₃ could be detected in the ampules. Control ampules that had not been exposed to the tanning device did not demonstrate detectable pre-vitamin D₃. These data provided necessary preclinical data to proceed with our pilot study to evaluate the use of the portable tanning machine in CF and SBS patients with malabsorption. Based on these data, we developed a protocol to expose patients to UVB light via the tanning machine for up to 10 min at a distance of 14 inches.

Percentage of pre-vitamin D₃ formed after exposing ampules containing 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) to a portable tanning machine at several times and distances (◆, 14 inches; ■, 20 inches; ▲, 26 inches). Ampules containing 7-DHC (pro-vitamin D) were exposed to a portable tanning machine at several distances and times to determine the optimal conditions for vitamin D production in the skin. Vitamin D production was optimal at 14 cm from the device and an exposure time between 10 and 15 min.

Evaluation of a tanning machine to improve vitamin D status in two patients with severe SBS

Subjects

We obtained Emory University IRB approval to study the effect of the Sperti Del Sol sunlamp (Cresent Springs, KY, USA) in two SBS subjects with chronic, severe diarrhea and vitamin D insufficiency [25(OH)D <30 ng/ml], who both had failed oral courses of vitamin D therapy to improve vitamin D status. The first subject was a 49-year-old woman with 50 cm of the bowel remaining after massive small bowel and partial colonic resection secondary to mesenteric ischemia. The subject required parenteral nutrition (PN) solution 7 nights/week with 200 IU/day of vitamin D₃ to maintain nutritional status. Her left femoral neck bone density was 2.4 standard deviations below the peak density, and she had subjective pain and malaise. The second SBS subject was a 54-year-old woman who had multiple small bowel resections for a strangulated hernia in whom the distal duodenum was anastomosed to the right transverse colon. The subject also required PN solution 7 nights/week with 200 IU/day of vitamin D₃ to maintain nutritional status. Like the first subject, she suffered from severe night cramps and bone pains.

Study protocol in SBS patients

The study was conducted in the months from March to May. The two SBS subjects came to the outpatient clinic twice weekly for 8 weeks for the UV light sessions, which were administered by the study team. After baseline blood studies were obtained, both subjects started at an initial exposure time of 3 min from a distance of 14 inches to the exposed skin on the lower back in a seated position; the time was increased by 1 min to reach a target time of 6 min per UV light session in accordance with their skin type (Appendix A). The skin was inspected before and after each session to examine for any burns. Subjects gave a blood sample for 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) determinations every 4 weeks until the end of the study. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed in this pilot study in SBS patients.

Vitamin D status and PTH

Commercially available ELISA kits were used to measure 25(OH)D (IDS Ltd., Fountain Hills, AZ, USA), and intact PTH (Diagnostic Systems Laboratories, Webster, TX, USA) in blood samples at baseline and after 8 weeks of use of the tanning lamp.

Results

The first subject with SBS demonstrated a baseline serum 25(OH)D of 13 ng/ml that increased by 70% to 21 ng/ml at 4 weeks, and plateaued at this level after 8 weeks of UVB therapy. The serum PTH levels in this individual increased slightly from 150 to 165 pg/ml at the end of 8 weeks. There was a subjective reduction in the severity of her night cramps and bone pains. The second SBS subject demonstrated a baseline serum 25(OH)D of 17 ng/ml that increased by 40% to 24 ng/ml at 2 weeks, but then decreased to baseline levels (16 ng/ml) after 8 weeks of study. Her serum PTH levels decreased from 130 to 58 pg/ml at the end of 8 weeks.

Adverse events

Both subjects tolerated the monitored radiation sessions without any adverse events.

Evaluation of a tanning machine to improve vitamin D status during the winter months in subjects with CF Subjects

We obtained Emory University IRB approval to study the effect of the Sperti Del Sol sunlamp in CF patients with documented vitamin D insufficiency. The target population for the study was CF subjects cared for by the Emory Cystic Fibrosis Center (Atlanta, GA). Subjects were recruited by posted advertisements and referral by physicians. Subjects gave written informed consent for participation in the study. We included subjects older than 18 years of age who had documented vitamin D insufficiency [serum 25(OH)D <30 ng/ml] within the last three months, and had a history of gastrointestinal malabsorption documented by requirement of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy or long-term PN therapy, or who had a skin sensitivity types II–VI (Appendix A). We excluded those subjects who had a history of photosensitivity, a history of active skin disease or any history of skin cancer, who were taking medications that limit sunlight exposure (such as tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones), who were taking more than 1000 IU vitamin D or vitamin D analogs daily orally, who had evidence of liver or kidney failure, who had fair skin type I (Appendix A), who were undergoing tanning sessions or subjects who were pregnant.

Study protocol

Based on the promising, but sub-optimal increase in serum 25(OH)D in these two pilot subjects with severe SBS, we increased the frequency of exposure to the tanning device to five times a week for the same time period of 8 weeks in the subsequent study in CF patients. The study period was from November to February. Subjects had a baseline 24-hour dietary recall and sunlight exposure questionnaire, and a baseline blood sample for the measurement of serum 25(OH)D and PTH. Subjects completed five UV light sessions per week for 8 weeks at home. Goggles for eye protection to be worn during the sessions were given. The target time per session was based on skin type (Appendix A). The subjects were asked to start with 3 min/session and to increase the time by 1 min/week till their target time. Subjects were instructed to expose the skin of the lower back to the tanning machine in a seated position from a distance of 14 in. Subjects came to the outpatient clinic every 2 weeks to for examination of the skin, and blood was drawn at 0 and 8 weeks for serum 25(OH)D and PTH mesurements.

Dietary history

Twenty-four hours of food recall was recorded for the day just before the first visit to the clinic. The dietary questionnaire had food portions that were visually quantified and standardized for the subject quantification. ESHA's The Food Processor SQL Version 9.8 Software was used to analyze the dietary intake.

Vitamin D status and PTH

We used the same commercially available ELISA kits that were used to measure 25(OH)D and intact PTH as in our pilot study of SBS subjects.

Statistical analysis

The results were represented as means ± SEM. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel (Office 2000), and Sigma Stat Version 3.0. Differences in the concentrations of serum total 25(OH)D were evaluated using a two-way paired t-test. Intention to treat was used in data analysis.

Results

Subject demographics

A total of eight CF subjects enrolled in the study. Two subjects who failed to report for the second tanning session were excluded. One subject was excluded due to non-compliance of the study protocol. Thus, five CF subjects were included in our analysis (Table 1).

Table 1

Baseline demographics of cystic fibrosis subjects who underwent UV light therapy five times a week for 8 weeks to improve vitamin D status

	N = 5
Age (years)	29.5 ± 3.4
Sex (M/F)	2/3
FEV (% of predicted) at 0 weeks	52 ± 13
FEV (% of predicted) at 8 weeks	50 ± 14
Weight (kg)	54.6 ± 2.4
Height (cm)	166 ± 3
Vitamin D supplementation (pills/day)*	1.0 ± 0.7
Dietary Vitamin D intake (IU/day)	237 ± 17
Sunlight exposure (min/week)	250 ± 68

Dietary vitamin D intake and supplementation

The mean dietary vitamin D intake averaged 237 IU/day. Three subjects were taking vitamin D supplements containing 400 IU of vitamin D daily, one subject was taking supplements containing 800 IU of vitamin D daily and the last subject was not taking any vitamin D supplementation.

Vitamin D status and PTH concentrations

Serum 25(OH)D levels in the five CF subjects at baseline were 21 ± 3 ng/ml, which increased to 27 ± 4 ng/ml at the end of 8 weeks (P = 0.05) (Fig. 3). Four out of five CF subjects had moderate to severe vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D <20 ng/ml] at the start of the study, while only one out of five was so at the end of 8 weeks. The PTH concentrations remained unchanged during the 8-weeks study period (45 ± 10–43 ± 12 pg/ml).

Mean (± SEM) serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (ng/mL) before and after 8 weeks of UV light to cystic fibrosis (CF) subjects. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in the five CF subjects at baseline were 21 ± 3 ng/ml, which increased to 27 ± 4 ng/ml at the end of 8 weeks (P = 0.05).

Adverse events

Mild transient erythema occurring after the use of the tanning device was reported by all subjects, but no sunburn or discomfort was reported.

Discussion

This pilot study demonstrates that a portable tanning device emitting UVB could maintain or improve vitamin D status in patients with CF or SBS during the winter months. Studies in SBS patients helped to define the UVB dose chosen for the CF study. In CF subjects, all were vitamin D deficient, despite taking regular vitamin D supplementation, due to malabsorption. During the winter, 8 weeks of the Sperti sunlamp resulted in a 25% increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration, and the prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency [defined as 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml] decreased from 60% to 20%. All subjects demonstrated an increase in serum 25(OH)D concentrations, which achieved statistical significance. Similar results were found in the early pilot study in two SBS subjects. The use of a desktop tanning unit was well tolerated and no significant adverse events were reported by either group.

Sunlight, in particular UVB between the wavelengths of 290 and 315 nm, is the main source for producing vitamin D in the skin and is the primary source of vitamin D for the body. It is estimated that 90% of the daily body requirements are met by sunlight exposure (16, 17). One minimal erythemal dose (MED) of UVB exposure to 6% of the body surface area is equivalent to the ingestion of 600–1000 IU of vitamin D (18). Thus, exposure of the hands, face and arms two to three times a week is sufficient to meet the daily body vitamin D requirements in most individuals during the spring, summer and fall (18). Owing to the zenith angle of the sun during the winter months, very little UVB penetrates the earth above 351 latitudes, and thus sunlight exposure at this time will not result in sufficient vitamin D production (19, 20). For example, a third of healthy adults living in Boston were demonstrated to be vitamin D deficient at the end of winter (21).

In areas where there is limited sunlight or in situations where patients cannot absorb vitamin D from the diet, phototherapy using UV light has been used to correct vitamin D deficiency. In the early 20th century, mercury arc lamps were used to treat children with rickets in Russia. Indoor beds or tanning devices have been reported to be an effective alternative method to maintain or raise vitamin D status especially during the winter months in individuals with malabsorption (1, 22). Subjects who use an indoor tanning bed at least once a week have 150% higher 25(OH)D levels at the end of winter and higher BMD than matched healthy controls (13). Several other studies have used UVB from artificial sources in raising body vitamin D status (23–28).

Vitamin D insufficiency and metabolic bone disease remains a major health problem in patients with CF. The cause for decreased bone density in CF is multifactorial; however, due to the inability to absorb fat soluble vitamins, vitamin D insufficiency is a major contributing factor (8). Serum 25(OH)D in CF patients is positively correlated with BMD (29). A recent Johns Hopkins Hospital study found 109 out of 134 CF adults in the clinic to be vitamin D deficient [serum 25(OH)D <30 ng/ml], and none of the 33 CF subjects who finished 1 200 000 IU of oral vitamin D₂ over 4 months showed correction in their vitamin D status (10). The CF consensus guidelines for bone health suggest the use of UV lamps in subjects who fail to achieve optimal vitamin D status; however, no standard protocols have been established (8). A recent case–control study from Sweden demonstrated that CF subjects exposed to UV lamps one to three times weekly for 6 months showed an increase in circulating 25(OH)D from 20 to 50 ng/ml (27).

One of the weaknesses of our study is that we did not have randomized control subjects during the same months. Our small sample size also limits the power of our data analysis; however, the study subjects were exposed to the tanning light for just 8 weeks, which significantly increased their serum vitamin D levels by 25%. However, the values failed to reach the newly established levels to define vitamin D insufficiency [25(OH)D >32 ng/ml] (30). This suggests that the protocol may need to be extended for a longer time. Also, during this limited timeframe, we failed to show a significant decline in serum PTH concentration. Another limitation was that compliance could not be well assured in our second study with CF subjects because of the use of the tanning device at home.

In summary, we found that a portable tanning device used for tanning could be used to improve vitamin D status in selected individuals with intestinal malabsorption of vitamin D. Eight weeks of exposure to the sunlamp increased circulating 25(OH)D levels by 25% and reduced the prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency. Further research is needed to determine the optimal duration of UVB exposure and to determine the long-term benefits of correcting vitamin D status by UVB on musculoskeletal health in these at-risk patients.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the assistance from the staff of the Emory University Cystic Fibrosis Center, Margaret Jenkins, Sandra Huff and Carrie Cutchins. The authors also acknowledge the technical assistance from James Shepherd in the operation of the Sperti Del Sol machine.

Appendix A

Skin sensitivity types to UVB radiation, and the recommended target tanning time sessions

Skin type scale*	Target (min/session)
Type I: Always burns easily, never tans	–
Type II: Always burns easily, tans minimally	3
Type III: Burns moderately, tans gradually	6
Type IV: Burns minimally, always tans well	9
Type V: Rarely burns, tans profusely	12
Type VI : Never burns, deeply pigmented	15

Footnotes

Conflicts of interest

Dr. Tangpricha and Dr. Holick received grant support from the Ultraviolet (UV) Light Foundation. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.

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Light Box Therapy For Vitamin D Deficiency

Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846322/

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Should You Supplement Vitamin D

Should You Supplement Vitamin D

Overview

Vitamin D is a nutrient your body needs for building and maintaining healthy bones. That's because your body can only absorb calcium, the primary component of bone, when vitamin D is present. Vitamin D also regulates many other cellular functions in your body. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective properties support immune health, muscle function and brain cell activity.

Vitamin D isn't naturally found in many foods, but you can get it from fortified milk, fortified cereal, and fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel and sardines. Your body also makes vitamin D when direct sunlight converts a chemical in your skin into an active form of the vitamin (calciferol).

The amount of vitamin D your skin makes depends on many factors, including the time of day, season, latitude and your skin pigmentation. Depending on where you live and your lifestyle, vitamin D production might decrease or be completely absent during the winter months. Sunscreen, while important to prevent skin cancer, also can decrease vitamin D production.

Many older adults don't get regular exposure to sunlight and have trouble absorbing vitamin D. If your doctor suspects you're not getting enough vitamin D, a simple blood test can check the levels of this vitamin in your blood.

Taking a multivitamin with vitamin D may help improve bone health. The recommended daily amount of vitamin D is 400 international units (IU) for children up to age 12 months, 600 IU for people ages 1 to 70 years, and 800 IU for people over 70 years.

Evidence

Research on vitamin D use for specific conditions shows:

• Cancer. Findings on the benefits of vitamin D for cancer prevention are mixed. More studies are needed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation may reduce the risk of certain cancers.
• Cognitive health. Research shows that low levels of vitamin D in the blood are associated with cognitive decline. However, more studies are needed to determine the benefits of vitamin D supplementation for cognitive health.
• Inherited bone disorders. Vitamin D supplements can be used to help treat inherited disorders resulting from an inability to absorb or process vitamin D, such as familial hypophosphatemia.
• Multiple sclerosis. Research suggests that long-term vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of multiple sclerosis.
• Osteomalacia. Vitamin D supplements are used to treat adults with severe vitamin D deficiency, resulting in loss of bone mineral content, bone pain, muscle weakness and soft bones (osteomalacia).
• Osteoporosis. Studies suggest that people who get enough vitamin D and calcium in their diets can slow bone mineral loss, help prevent osteoporosis and reduce bone fractures. Ask your doctor if you need a calcium and vitamin D supplement to prevent or treat osteoporosis.
• Psoriasis. Applying vitamin D or a topical preparation that contains a vitamin D compound called calcipotriene to the skin can treat plaque-type psoriasis in some people.
• Rickets. This rare condition develops in children with vitamin D deficiency. Supplementing with vitamin D can prevent and treat the problem.

Our take

Generally safe

Without vitamin D your bones can become soft, thin and brittle. Insufficient vitamin D is also connected to osteoporosis. If you don't get enough vitamin D through sunlight or dietary sources, you might need vitamin D supplements.

Safety and side effects

Taken in appropriate doses, vitamin D is generally considered safe.

However, taking too much vitamin D in the form of supplements can be harmful. Children age 9 years and older, adults, and pregnant and breastfeeding women who take more than 4,000 IU a day of vitamin D might experience:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Poor appetite and weight loss
• Constipation
• Weakness
• Confusion and disorientation
• Heart rhythm problems
• Kidney stones and kidney damage

Interactions

Possible interactions include:

• Aluminum. Taking vitamin D and aluminum-containing phosphate binders, which may be used to treat high serum phosphate levels in people with chronic kidney disease, might cause harmful levels of aluminum in people with kidney failure in the long term.
• Anticonvulsants. The anticonvulsants phenobarbital and phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek) increase the breakdown of vitamin D and reduce calcium absorption.
• Atorvastatin (Lipitor). Taking vitamin D might affect the way your body processes this cholesterol drug.
• Calcipotriene (Dovonex, Sorilux). Don't take vitamin D with this psoriasis drug. The combination might increase the risk of too much calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia).
• Cholestyramine (Prevalite). Taking vitamin D with this cholesterol-lowering drug can reduce your absorption of vitamin D.
• Cytochrome P-450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates. Use vitamin D cautiously if you're taking drugs processed by these enzymes.
• Digoxin (Lanoxin). Avoid taking high doses of vitamin D with this heart medication. High doses of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia, which increases the risk of fatal heart problems with digoxin.
• Diltiazem (Cardizem, Tiazac, others). Avoid taking high doses of vitamin D with this blood pressure drug. High doses of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia, which might reduce the drug's effectiveness.
• Orlistat (Xenical, Alli). Taking this weight-loss drug can reduce your absorption of vitamin D.
• Thiazide diuretics. Taking these blood pressure drugs with vitamin D increases your risk of hypercalcemia.
• Steroids. Taking steroid mediations such as prednisone can reduce calcium absorption and impair your body's processing of vitamin D.
• Stimulant laxatives. Long-term use of high doses of stimulant laxatives can reduce vitamin D and calcium absorption.
• Verapamil (Verelan, Calan SR). Taking high doses of vitamin D with this blood pressure drug can cause hypercalcemia, and might also reduce the effectiveness of verapamil.

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Feb. 09, 2021

1. Vitamin D: Fact sheet for health professionals. Office of Dietary Supplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/. Accessed Dec. 6, 2020.
2. Vitamin D: Fact sheet for consumers. Office of Dietary Supplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-Consumer/. Accessed Dec. 6, 2020.
3. Vitamin D. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Accessed Dec. 6, 2020.
4. AskMayoExpert. Vitamin D deficiency. Mayo Clinic; 2017.
5. Cholecalciferol. IBM Microdemex. https://www.microdemexsolutions.com. Accessed Dec. 11, 2020.
6. Gold J, et al. The role of vitamin D in cognitive disorders in older adults. US Neurology. 2018; doi:10.17925/USN.2018.14.1.41.
7. Sultan S, et al. Low vitamin D and its association with cognitive impairment and dementia. Journal of Aging Research. 2020; doi:10.1155/2020/6097820.
8. Pazirandeh S, et al. Overview of vitamin D. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Dec. 13, 2020.
9. Hassan-Smith ZK, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exerct distinct effects on human skeletal muscle function and gene expression. PLOS One. 2017; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170665.

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Should You Supplement Vitamin D

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400 Units Vitamin D In Mg

400 Units Vitamin D In Mg

Vitamin D: A Rapid Review

Dosage of Vitamin D Needed To Achieve 35 to 40 ng/ml (90-100 nmol/L)

Historically, 400 IU (10 ug) of vitamin D was recommended for better health because it closely approximated the amount of vitamin D in a teaspoonful of cod liver oil. However, 800 to 1,000 IU is the dose that may have a better chance of giving a patient a normal vitamin D level. In some countries, vitamin D is listed in micrograms, and the relationship is as follows:

• 2.5 mcg (micrograms) = 100 IU.

• 5 mcg = 200 IU.

• 10 mcg = 400 IU.

• 15 mcg = 600 IU.

• 20 mcg = 800 IU.

It is much easier to access the patient's need after a vitamin D blood test. Few individuals would allow their clinician to simply guess an individual's cholesterol level before placing him/her on some type of medication. Clinicians have access to an accurate lipid test that provides guidance. The same is true for vitamin D levels. Clinicians should not suggest high intakes of vitamin D (5,000 IU for example) before recommending the 25-OH vitamin D test.

Health care professionals need to keep in mind that in general, 100 IU (2.5 mcg) of vitamin D per day can raise the vitamin D blood test only 1 ng/ml or just 2.5 nmol/L after 2 to 3 months. How much vitamin D is needed per day to obtain a normal vitamin D blood level? The following examples include:

• 100 IU (2.5 mcg) per day increases vitamin D blood levels 1 ng/ml (2.5 nmol/L).

• 200 IU (5 mcg) per day increases vitamin D blood levels 2 ng/ml (5 nmol/L).

• 400 IU (10 mcg) per day increases vitamin D blood levels 4 ng/ml (10 nmol/L).

• 500 IU (12.5 mcg) per day increases vitamin D blood levels 5 ng/ml (12.5 nmol/L).

• 800 IU (20 mcg) per day increases vitamin D blood levels 8 ng/ml (20 nmol/L).

• 1000 IU (25 mcg) per day increases vitamin D blood levels 10 ng/ml (25 nmol/L).

• 2000 IU (50 mcg) per day increases vitamin D blood levels 20 ng/ml (50 nmol/L).

If the vitamin D blood test was 30 ng/ml (75 nmol/L) and a 40 ng/ml (100 nmol/L) level was desired, 1,000 IU (25 mcg) of vitamin D per day over several months should be taken to achieve a normal blood level or 40 ng/ml (100 nmol/L). Upon reaching the goal, most individuals need to supplement with 800 to 1,000 IU per day to maintain this level. Only working closely with a clinician over time can provide the most accurate answer. However, issues of insurance and health care access suggest that 800 to 1,000 IU is ample for many individuals who are not able to have their blood tested.

Dermatology Nursing. 2009;21(1) © 2009  Jannetti Publications, Inc.

Cite this: Vitamin D: A Rapid Review -Medscape - Jan 01, 2009.

• Abstract and Introduction
• Why Most People Are Vitamin D Deficient
• Dietary Sources of Vitamin D
• Vitamin D2 and/or Vitamin D3
• The Vitamin D Blood Test (25-OH Vitamin D): Who, How, When, and Where
• Personal Belief Regarding Vitamin D Testing
• The "Ideal" Vitamin D Blood Level
• Dosage of Vitamin D Needed To Achieve 35 to 40 ng/ml (90-100 nmol/L)
• Calcium and Vitamin D Recommended Daily Allowances
• Side Effects and Toxicity
• Conclusion
• References

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Authors and Disclosures

Mark A. Moyad, MD, MPH, is the Jenkins/Pokempner Director of Preventive and Alternative Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Department of Urology, Ann Arbor, MI.

400 Units Vitamin D In Mg

Source: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/589256_8#:~:text=10%20mcg%20%3D%20400%20IU.,20%20mcg%20%3D%20800%20IU.

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Excesso De Vitamina D

Excesso De Vitamina D

:: Voltar � primeira p�gina do informativo ::

Falta ou Excesso de Vitamina D

A vitamina D � um nutriente essencial para o fortalecimento dos ossos e dentes. Essa vitamina � absorvida pelo corpo principalmente por meio da pele. A radia��o ultravioleta B, da luz solar, estimula a produ��o da pr�-vitamina D, que, por sua vez, � convertida nos rins para a forma biologicamente ativa, o horm�nio vitamina D.

A alimenta��o � respons�vel por uma quantidade pequena de absor��o da vitamina D pelo organismo. Ela pode ser encontrada em alimentos de origem animal, como o �leo de peixe, gema de ovo, leite, manteiga, salm�o, sardinha e atum.
A m�dica do posto de sa�de, em Betim, Gilmara dos Santos Neves de Souza, concedeu uma entrevista para o informativo No Ponto sobre o assunto.

No Ponto � Como detectar a falta ou excesso de vitamina D?

Gilmara Souza - A falta da vitamina D no organismo pode ser identificada em testes laboratoriais, pela an�lise do c�lcio na urina (se houver pouco, � um sinal de alerta) ou por exames de sangue. Os sintomas n�o costumam se manifestar em adultos, exceto por uma eventual dor, cansa�o ou falta de equil�brio. J� as crian�as com defici�ncia de vitamina D podem desenvolver raquitismo, doen�a que inclui fraqueza e perda �ssea. O diagn�stico de raquitismo ou osteomal�cia baseia-se nos sintomas, no aspecto dos ossos nas radiografias e nos baixos valores sangu�neos de c�lcio, fosfatos e subprodutos da vitamina D. O raquitismo e a osteomal�cia podem ser curados administrando vitamina D por via oral em doses di�rias equivalentes a cinco vezes a quantidade di�ria recomendada durante duas ou tr�s semanas.

NP � O que a falta de vitamina D pode ocasionar?Gilmara - Sem a vitamina D, o corpo n�o consegue absorver o c�lcio de maneira adequada, e os ossos se tornam fr�geis. Nas crian�as, a falta desta vitamina leva ao raquitismo e � deformidade nos ossos. J� nos adultos, favorece a osteoporose. No entanto, estudos recentes relacionam outras doen�as, como a s�ndrome metab�lica e alguns casos de depress�o e diabetes � falta desta vitamina no organismo.

NP � O que o excesso de vitamina D pode ocasionar?Gilmara - O consumo de uma dose semelhante a dez vezes a quantidade di�ria recomendada de vitamina D durante v�rios meses pode causar intoxica��o e determinar concentra��es elevadas de c�lcio no sangue. Os primeiros sintomas de intoxica��o com vitamina D s�o perda do apetite, n�useas e v�mitos, seguidos por sede excessiva, aumento da emiss�o de urina, fraqueza, nervosismo e hipertens�o arterial. O c�lcio pode depositar-se em todo o organismo, especialmente nos rins, onde pode provocar les�es permanentes. A fun��o renal deteriora-se, permitindo que as prote�nas passem para a urina e que aumente a concentra��o de ureia, um produto de elimina��o, no sangue. Os sinais da toxicidade da vitamina D s�o m�sculos fracos, ossos fracos, sangramento excessivo ou pedras nos rins e, muito frequentemente, � resultado de excesso de vitamina D proveniente de suplementos diet�ticos e n�o de fontes de alimentos ou de superexposi��o � luz do sol.

NP � Como se d� a suplementa��o da vitamina D?Gilmara - A indica��o de suplementa��o � feita, em alguns casos, se houver a comprova��o da defici�ncia da vitamina. Mas, na maioria das vezes, � indicada para idosos, crian�as com raquitismo ou pessoas que n�o podem, por algum motivo, se expor ao sol. A dose varia de acordo com a faixa et�ria. � muito importante consultar um profissional sobre a quantidade de vitamina D que voc� precisa.

NP � Somente a exposi��o ao sol resolve?Gilmara - A exposi��o ao sol � a fonte mais efetiva e importante, mas o ideal � combinar o banho de sol, alimenta��o adequada e suplementa��o com vitamina D, a partir de indica��o m�dica.

NP � Para se atingir os n�veis ideais de vitamina D, � preciso quanto tempo de exposi��o e durante quantos dias por semana?Gilmara - O ideal � se expor diariamente, em m�dia 15 minutos. Passe o filtro solar no rosto e deixe pernas e bra�os livres, j� que o creme limita a absor��o da luz. No entanto, pessoas mais claras, que necessitam de prote��o solar absoluta, obt�m a vitamina mais facilmente, se expondo menos de 15 minutos tr�s vezes por semana. Existe o risco de defici�ncia de vitamina D durante o inverno, pois os raios solares nessa �poca n�o permitem a produ��o adequada de vitamina D. � importante lembrar que a necessidade individual pode variar consideravelmente, dependendo de v�rios fatores.

NP � Qual o melhor per�odo para se tomar sol?Gilmara - A  quantidade necess�ria de sol que estimula uma boa produ��o de vitamina D � pouca. O est�mulo que o UVB d� � potente, e bastam apenas 5 a 20 minutos de exposi��o entre 10 da manh� e 4 da tarde (quando a UVB est� presente em maior quantidade), tr�s vezes por semana, em uma �rea de pele como face, m�os ou bra�os. Quanto mais claro seu tom de pele, menor o tempo necess�rio dessa exposi��o ao UVB. E conforme a idade vai avan�ando, o banho de sol deve ser um pouco mais demorado. Passado esse curto tempo de exposi��o, o melhor a fazer � aplicar o protetor solar para se proteger contra o c�ncer de pele. Existe um exame laboratorial, feito atrav�s de uma amostra de sangue, que mede seu status de vitamina D. Dependendo do resultado, seu m�dico pode orientar o uso de um suplemento da vitamina.

:: Veja mais not�cias no "Bem-estar" ::    :: Volta ::

Excesso De Vitamina D

Source: https://portal.pucminas.br/noponto/materia.php?codigo=543

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Can Vitamin D Deficiency Cause Tinnitus

Can Vitamin D Deficiency Cause Tinnitus

Imagine there were a nutrient that could protect your bones, brain and heart, and maybe even help you live longer. It's 100 percent free, and all you have to do to get it is go outside. Seems like something everyone would have plenty of, right? Well, that nutrient exists — it's vitamin D, which is created by our cells when our skin is exposed to sunlight. But despite these facts, many Americans aren't getting as much of the "sunshine vitamin" as they should. Here's what you need to know about vitamin D, and how inadequate levels can affect your health.

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• What 200 Calories of Nuts Looks Like INFOGRAPHIC
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• The Benefits of Vitamin B Complex

Why Your Body Needs Vitamin D

Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium, which is vital for forming and maintaining strong bones and teeth. Research has also shown that vitamin D acts similarly to a hormone in the body, and may play a role in regulating blood pressure, weight and mood. One recent study even suggests that having adequate levels can protect against early fatalities from conditions like cancer and heart disease.

When adults don't get enough vitamin D, they can suffer from osteomalacia (a softening of the bones), osteoporosis, bone pain or muscle weakness.

Vitamin D is also a key component in brain development, and a deficiency may contribute to low energy or depressive symptoms, says Jim White, R.D., owner of Jim White Fitness and Nutrition Studios in Virginia Beach.

1. Sunlight is the best source.

The body can make its own vitamin D, but only when skin is exposed to sunlight. For most people, spending just five to 30 minutes outside twice a week is enough for the body to synthesize healthy levels of vitamin D. The sun needs to shine on bare skin on your face, arms or legs, without sunscreen. (Keep in mind, exposing your skin to UVA and UVB rays for any amount of time can increase your chances of skin damage and melanoma.)

But for those people who don't spend time outdoors, live far from the equator, have dark skin, or use sunscreen every time they go out may not be able to produce the same quantity of vitamin D. Many people also have lower levels in cold-weather months, when spending less time outdoors and there's less skin exposure to the elements.

2. Fortified foods can help, too.

Although most of our vitamin D comes from the sun, we can also get a substantial amount from food. Fatty fish (including herring, mackerel, sardines and tuna) and eggs contain vitamin D naturally, and many juices, dairy products and cereals are fortified with the vitamin, as well.

It's probably not possible to get the full, recommended amount of vitamin D — 600 IU for adults up to age 70 — from dietary sources alone, says Smith. "It's not found naturally in many foods, and even those that do have it don't contain nearly enough to meet the body's needs," he explains. "Vitamin D must come from multiple sources including diet, sunlight and sometimes supplements."

3. Vitamin D may improve athletic performance.

A recent review published in the American College of Sports Medicine's Health & Fitness Journal concluded that people who are deficient in vitamin D may have compromised fitness levels. Studies have found, for example, that athletes could jump higher or sprint faster after they took supplements for several weeks or months.

But more is not always better, the review cautions: If you already have healthy levels of vitamin D, taking a supplement probably won't have an impact on your strength, speed or athleticism.

4. There's a good chance your levels are low.

Extreme vitamin D deficiency — defined as less than 12 nanograms of vitamin D per milliliter of blood — is rare in the United States, but people who follow a strict vegan diet or have dairy allergies are at risk since they are not eating foods (like fish, eggs and milk) with naturally occurring or added vitamin D. Age and weight also play a factor deficiency, says White. "As we get older and our kidneys become weaker, they may not be able to convert enough vitamin D into the active form that our bodies can use." Obesity can also lead to a deficiency, he adds, as the nutrient is leached out of the blood by body fat.

While most of us aren't dangerously low on vitamin D, we don't all have ideal levels, either. Current guidelines recommend that adults have at least 20 nanograms of vitamin D per milliliter of blood, says White, although 30 is an even better number for optimal bone and muscle health. Most Americans get close to meeting this guideline, but about two-thirds of us fall slightly short — especially in the winter when we're not outside regularly.

5. A supplement may improve your health … or it may not

A 2013 study from the University of Auckland in New Zealand found that many adults who took vitamin D pills to help prevent osteoporosis didn't actually reap significant bone-building benefits. Still, White suggests that people who are vegan, live in northern areas, have dark skin, are over 50, or who are overweight should consider taking a supplement, since they are more likely to be deficient.

If you suspect you might be low on D, talk to your doctor. He or she may want to give you a blood test to check your levels — although a recent government initiative recommended against routine vitamin D screenings, since there's no consensus in the medical community on how helpful they really are. "I recommend that healthy adults get screened less frequently than those adults who are not as healthy," says Smith.

The bottom line: Whether you take a supplement should be a decision you make with your doctor, based on your individual risk factors and any symptoms you may be experiencing.

Can Vitamin D Deficiency Cause Tinnitus

Source: https://www.health.com/fitness/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-vitamin-d-deficiency

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